Appendix B: Moses
Prophet Moses and his brother Aaron, a fellow prophet, are mentioned extensively in the Qur’an, as the following quotations and references illustrate. Unlike the Torah, which provides a mere chronological history of Moses in Exodus, the Qur’an sprinkles stories and incidences of the life of Prophet Moses and the Israelites throughout the Qur’an. Such narratives make the reader ponder his miracles and his interactions with Pharaoh, to take lessons from his struggle with his own people who at different times refused or failed to follow him despite repeated promises, to demonstrate God’s continued blessing and mercy, repeated warnings to maintain their commitment of faith and human goodness, and to find in their stories the means and ways of God as he deals with those who follow His guidance and those who oppose His guidance.
For early followers of Prophet Mohammad, the life of Moses and his struggles along with his people were very relevant, and hence there is much to be learned from these stories. The Qur’an also maintains, unlike what one might think (to the contrary), that a group of Jews has been always faithful to the true teachings of Moses, even as they refused to follow prophets afterward—Jesus and Mohammad. “From the followers of Moses, there is a community who guide themselves to truth and establish justice with such guidance. We grouped them into twelve tribes, as communities” (7:159–160). In a similar vein, it is also mentioned that a group of Christians have always remained faithful to the true teachings of Jesus, as was the case with the Ethiopian emperor and a Christian who sheltered the first group of Muslim immigrants who went to his country for shelter and peaceful exercise of their faith, and the cousin of Prophet’s wife, a fellow Christian who comforted the Prophet about his unfolding mission of prophethood. Verse 5:82, for example, testifies to such sentiments: “Nearest to the faithful are those who say: “We are Christians.” They have priests and monks among them, and they are not arrogant.” As already stated, the Qur’an even calls those who remain faithful to the teachings of a prophet as “muslims,” a generic term to designate those who love God and commit to follow His universal guidance that was conveyed by all prophets in all ages.
The list of verses and selective expositions (a total of 467 verses) below are not exhaustive but demonstrate quite clearly the extent to which the Qur’an narrates the stories of Moses and his followers. Some of these narratives replicate what is already in the Old Testament, while others add additional details, colors, nuances, reflections, and a postmortem on the Jewish faith and its successes as well as its failures, while at the same time stating clearly in 2:62, 5:69, and in 7:159 that the Jewish faith as taught by Prophet Moses in its true form is acceptable to God, just like Christianity and other religions that confirm belief in One God and commit to human goodness.
Early life of Moses: Brought up in the house of Pharaoh
The Narrative: 28:2–13
These are the verses of the book [the Qur’an] that makes matter clear. We [God] narrate to you the story of Moses and Pharaoh with truth for the faithful. Pharaoh surely prided himself on earth and divided his people, making one party weaker among them. He killed their sons and spared their women. He was certainly among those who made mischiefs and brought corruptions.
We desired to favor those who were made weak in the land and grant them leadership, let them inherit the land and secure power in the land, and let Pharaoh, Haman, and their chiefs experience what they feared.
So, We inspired Moses’ mother, “Nurse him (as long as you can quietly) and when you fear for his life, cast him into the river. Do not be afraid and do not grieve since We will bring him back to you and make him a messenger (of God).” Then the house of Pharaoh picked him up and he will prove to be an enemy and a source of grief for them, since Pharaoh, Haman and their chiefs were clearly sinful.
Wife of Pharaoh said, “(this child) is pleasing to my eye and to you as well—let us not kill him. Perhaps he will be useful to us and we can even take him as a son.” They did not perceive (God’s plan).
The heart of Moses’ mother would have been troubled, and she would have almost disclosed about her son had We not comforted her heart, so that she can have faith (in God). She said to his sister, “Follow him (along the river).” She watched him from a distance so that they (Pharaoh’s people) did not perceive.
We prohibited him (Moses) from suckling from wet nurses and his sister said, “Shall I inform you of a household who will bring him up for you and they will care for him well.” This is how We brought him back to his mother so that she can be comforted, not grieve for him and be assured that God’s promise is true. Most people are unaware (of God’s presence and plan).
While the above story was told to the people of faith from the perspective of Moses’s mother, the following narrative is given in the Qur’an from the perspective of God Himself reminding Moses of God’s special blessings throughout his life, even before his appointment as a prophet of God on Mount Sinai when God spoke to Moses directly.
Ta Ha: 20:37–40
“O Moses, We [God] indeed blessed you other times. When We inspired her (your mother) with an inspiration—“put him in a chest, cast him in the river and the river will bring it to shore, where an enemy of Me and an enemy of him will take hold of him.” I showered love from Me on you and planned that you are bought up before My eyes. When you sister went and said, “Shall I find someone who will take charge of him?” This is how We brought you back to your mother so that she is comforted, and she would not grieve. You did kill a man and We saved you from difficulty and tried you many times. Then you spent years among the people of Midian. Now you come here as planned, O Moses.”
Killing of an Egyptian
The Narrative: 28:14–21
And when he (Moses) attained maturity and became a grown man, We [God] gifted him with knowledge and wisdom. This is how We reward those who are virtuous. (One time) he went to the city while its people were negligent, and he found two people fighting—one being from his faction and the other from his enemies. The one from his faction called out for his help against the other who was of his foes, and Moses struck him with his fist, and he died. He (Moses) said (to himself), “This is an act of Devil’s inspiration—he (Devil) is an enemy evident and always leading to the wrong path.” He implored, “My Sustainer God, I have done harm to myself, therefore forgive and protect me.” So He [God] protected him and He is ever Forgiving, Merciful! He (Moses) said, “My Sustainer God, since you have granted me a favor, I will never support a guilty person.”
Following morning, Moses was in the city, fearful and watchful, and the same person who had asked for his help the day before, cried out again asking for help. Moses said to him, “You are clearly wrong.” So, he desired to strike him who was an enemy to both, when he said to Moses, “Do you intend to kill me, as you killed a person yesterday? You desire to be a tyrant in the land and not to be one who acts righteously.”
(At that moment), a man came running from the outskirt of the city and said, “O Moses, the Chiefs are conspiring to kill you; leave (as soon as possible). I am one of those who wish you well.” He left immediately, fearful and watchful, and said, “My Sustainer God, save me from corrupt people.”
Marriage of Moses
The Narrative: 28:22–28
When Moses directed himself towards Midian and wished, “May be My Sustainer God will guide me to the to right way.” Once he arrived at the wells of Midian, he found a group of men watering (their sheep) and two women holding back (their sheep). He asked them (women), “What is our story?” They replied, “We do not give water to ours until the shepherds are done and our father is an old man.” He watered theirs for them and then went back to the shade (of a tree) and reflected, “My Sustainer God, I am truly in need of any good that you can descend on me!”
(Soon) one of two women came back to him, approaching bashfully, and said, “My father invites you and wish to reward you for securing water for us.” So he came and related his story to him, who said, “Don’t worry, you are now secure from unjust people.”
One of the daughters said, “Father, hire him. Surely the best one to employ is the one who is strong and worthy of trust.” He (the father) said to Moses, “I wish to marry one of my daughters on the condition that you serve me for eight years; but if you complete ten years, that will be out of your own free will. I desire no hardship for you. You will find, if God wills, that I am a righteous man.”
He (Moses) said, “It is between you and me—whichever term I fulfil, there will be no ill will toward me, and God is a Guardian over what we commit.”
God calls Moses on Mount Sinai
Ta Ha: 20:9–36
Has the story of Moses come to you (yet)? When he saw a fire, he said to his family, “I see a fire, perhaps I can collect a burning brand or find guidance at the fire.” When he came close to it, a voice called out, “O Moses, surely I am your Sustainer God. Take you shoes off and you are in the sacred valley, Tuwa. I have chosen you; so pay attention to what is revealed—Indeed I am Allah, there is no god but I. Serve Me and establish worship for My remembrance. Know that the Hour is coming, which I keep concealed, so that every soul can be compensated for what it strives for. Therefore, do not let anyone, who does not believe and follows vain desires, influence you away from it (this faith), lest you perish (for lack of faith and striving).”
“What is in you right hand, O Moses?” He said, “It is my stick. At times I lean on it, I use it to beat leaves for my sheep and I have other uses for it.” God said, “Cast it down, O Moses!” He cast it down and lo! It was a serpent, moving. He [God] said, “Get hold of it and don’t be afraid. We will restore it to its former state. And press your hand on your side and it will become white without any blemish—as yet another sign. We may show you more of Our greater signs. Now go to Pharaoh as he had become exceedingly rebellious.”
He prayed, “O my Sustainer God, expand my capabilities, make my affairs manageable for me, loosen up my tongue so that they may understand my speech and give me an aid from my family—my brother Aaron so that he can add to my strength and share with me my tasks and we both may glorify you and remember You much together. Indeed you see us both.” He [God] said, “O Moses, we have granted you your requests.”
There are several other instances where the Qur’an make passing references to God’s speaking to Moses, such as in 4:164 and 7:144.
Moses as Prophet with his brother Aaron as an aide
There are numerous places the name of Moses comes up as a prophet, starting with his being called by God near the burning bush on the mountaintop, which has been already mentioned above. The Following verses mentioned Moses with his various attributes and gifts from God:
11:96: We [God] sent Moses with Our sign (revelations, miracles…) and a clear directive with authority (from God).
19:51: Mention Moses in this Book (the Qur’an)—he was a man of purity, a messenger, and a prophet.
23:45: Then We [God] sent Moses and his brother Aaron with our revelations and a clear directive with authority.
25:35: Indeed We [God] gave Moses the book (the Torah) and We appointed Aaron, his brother, as an aid.
37:114: Certainly, We [God] bestowed a favor on Moses and Aaron—We delivered them and their people from a severe distress.
37: 119–121: We [God] granted them legacy among later generations—Peace be to Moses and Aaron; this is how We regards those who do good!
Interactions with Pharaoh to save the Children of Israel
The Elevation: 7:100–137 (128–129 are worth reflecting on)
Does it not occur to those who inherit the earth after its previous inhabitants that if We (God) please, We will take them to account for their sins and make their hearts incapable of comprehending (the truth)? Such were (the human conditions in those) towns whose narratives We bring to you. Surely such messengers came to each generation with comprehensible guidance, but they refused to accept (reconsider) what was rejected before (by their previous generations). This is how God incapacitates the hearts of those who deny the truth. We did not find in many of them a commitment to the natural order of creation [ahd—a bond with God], and we found most of them to trespass (the limits).
(After these generations) We sent Moses to the Pharaoh and his chiefs with Our Guidance, but they rejected it; see then the end results of those who spread corruption. Moses said: “O Pharaoh, I am a messenger from the Sustainer of the Universe; I am prepared to say nothing but the truth about God. I have come with guidance from your Sustainer, and you should let the Children of Israel be free to go with me.” He (the Pharaoh) replied: “Produce your evidence that you have come with if you speak the truth.” Moses threw his walking stick, and it turned into a (fearsome) serpent clearly visible. He then spread his hand and it was shining (white with light) to the onlookers (see also Exodus, chapter 4).
The chiefs of the people of the Pharaoh said: “Indeed, Moses is a skilled magician, and he intends to drive us out of our land.” The Pharaoh asked: “What is your advice?” They said: “Let him and his brother (Aaron) wait while we announce throughout the cities and towns and bring all skilled magicians to you.” Once they all came, they asked the Pharaoh: “We sure expect a reward if we prevail over (Moses).” The Pharaoh promised: “Yes, you will be among my favored associates.”
They asked Moses: “Will you be the first to cast, or will we?” Moses said: “You go ahead.” So they cast (their spell) and overwhelmed those in attendance with a fearsome display of sorcery and magic. We (God) inspired Moses to cast his stuff, and it overtook all that was on display of deception—thereby verifying the truth and reducing all they did to nothing. This is how they were put in their place, and they were humiliated (for their arrogance and falsehood).
All the magicians prostrated (before God) and declared: “We do believe in the Sustainer of the Universe, the Sustainer of (spoken by) Moses and Aaron.” The Pharaoh objected: “How did you offer such submission without my permission? I think it is a plot that you all have hatched in this city to cause commotions among people and drive them out. Be prepared then for the consequence (of such betrayal)—I will cut off your hands and your feet for your rebellion and will crucify you all together.”
They all replied: “It is to our Sustainer God that we turn (for help and succor). It is because of our acceptance of the guidance of God that came to us that you now punish us. O our Sustainer God, enable us to have patience and make us approach (our impending) death with full submission (and reliance on You alone).”
The chiefs among the Pharaoh’s people counseled the Pharaoh: “Will you leave Moses and his people alone to cause disruption in our lands and to deny you and your gods?” The Pharaoh said: “We will kill the sons of Israelites and leave their women alone; we have power over them.” Moses advised his people: “Turn to God for help and exercise patience (in this difficult time). The Earth belongs to God, and He makes among his servants whom He wills to inherit the land. In the end those who are conscious (of God) and demonstrate a sense of responsibility (to fellow humans) will have the upper hand.” His people lamented: “We are being persecuted—before you came and since you have been here.” Moses comforted (and cautioned) them: “It may well be that God will destroy your tormentor and give you a hand in overseeing the affairs of the land. God will see how you conduct yourselves then.”
We overpowered the Pharaoh and his people with drought and reduction in food supply so that they might be reminded; but when good fortune came to them, they would say: “This is by us,” and when any affliction came to them, they would say: “This is due to Moses and his people.” (In reality) whatever befalls them, it is prescribed by God, but most of them are unaware. They refuted further: “Whatever means you (O Moses) may bring to charm us, we are not going to believe in you.” So We sent widespread destruction and diseases from locusts, lice, frogs, and blood—evident manifestations (of God’s displeasure) (see Exodus 7:10). Yet they responded with further arrogance; they were a people drawn to evil ways.
When a plague would descend on them, they would appeal to Moses: “Pray on our behalf to your Sustainer with Whom you have a covenant (of prophethood)—if you can remove this plague, we will certainly believe in you and will let the Children of Israel go with you (O Moses).” But whenever we removed such plagues and gave them time (to make good on their promises), they failed (see Exodus 8:11). So We made them face the consequences, and We drowned them in the sea since they denied Our messages and were deliberately turning away (from such guidance).
We (God) enabled people who were considered weak (and dispossessed) to inherit the land, from its eastern side to the western side, a land We had blessed abundantly (see Genesis 17:8). It was a commitment that God fulfilled for the Children of Israel due to their patience (and perseverance) while We brought down what the Pharaoh and his people accomplished and what they built.
The Poets: 26:10–51
(Remember) when your Sustainer God called unto Moses, “Go to the people who are unjust—the people of Pharaoh—why do they not stop doing evils?” He (Moses) said, “My Sustainer God, my heart feels constrained, and my tongue Is not eloquent—therefore, send Aaron as well. They have a case against me and I fear that they will kill me.” He (God) said,” By no means (he can kill you)! You both go with our messages. We [God] are with you and We hear you.” Then go to Pharaoh and say,” We are the messengers from the Sustainer of the Universe. Let the Children of Israel go with us.”
(Pharaoh) said, “Did we not raise you as a child among us and you did spend years with us? You did (kill) what you did and you were ungrateful.” He replied, “I did then, when I was in a state of error. So I fled since I was afraid. But my Sustainer God blessed me with wisdom and made me one of His messengers. Do you remind me of your favor that you enslaved the Children of Israel?”
Pharaoh said, “What is this Lord of the Worlds (you mention)?” He said, “He is the Sustainer God for the heavens and the earth and all in between, if you wish to be convinced.” (Pharaoh) said to his people, “Do you hear?” He (Moses) said, ‘God is your Lord and the Lord of your forefathers.” (Pharaoh) said (to his chiefs), “This messenger of yours who is sent to you is delusional.” He (Moses) said, “The God who sustains the East and the West and all in between—if you wish to comprehend.”
(Pharaoh) said, “If you take a god besides me, I will put you in prison.” (Moses) said, “even if I show you a clear demonstration?” (Pharaoh) said, “Go ahead and show me if you speak the truth.” Moses cast down his rod and lo! it became a serpent, alive. He brought forth his hand and lo! it appeared white to those looking.”
(Pharaoh) said to the chiefs around him, “He is a skilled magician and wishes to drive you out of this land with his magic. What is your advice (regarding him)?” They said, “Give Moses and his brother some time while we convene all skilled magicians.” All the magicians were gathered on a festive day for the appointment and people were called to witness and follow the magician if they were to prevail. The magicians came and said to Pharaoh, “will there be a reward for us, if we prevail?” He replied, “Yes, you will be favored.”
Moses said to them, “Cast you magic if you will.” They cast their ropes and rods and said, “By the power of Pharaoh, we shall prevail.” Then Moses cast down his rod and its swallowed all their falsity. The magicians fell to the ground prostrating. They said, “We believe in the Sustainer God of the worlds—God of Moses and Aaron.” Pharaoh said, “Do you believe in Him without my permission? He (Moses) must be the chief amongst you who taught you magic. You will know soon—I will cut off your hands and feet from opposite sides and crucify you.” They replied, “you can do no harm, as we turn to our Sustainer God. We hope our Sustainer God will forgive our evils because we are the first to believe.”
Ta Ha: 20:42–76
“I have chosen you (Moses) for Myself. Go forth, you and your brother (Aaron) with My messages and do not fail keeping Me in your remembrance. Go to Pharaoh as he has rebelled (against God). Yet speak to him gently; perhaps he will be mindful or fear (the consequence).
They both said, “Our God, we fear that he will do us harm or become even more rebellious. God said, “Fear not. I am with you—I hear, and I see. Therefore, go to him and say, “We are two messengers from your Sustainer God. Let the Children of Israel go with us and do not oppress them. We have brought you messages from your Sustainer God and we convey peace to those who follow the guidance. It has also been revealed to us that those who refuse and turn their backs will face consequences.”
(Pharaoh) said, “O Moses, who is your Sustainer God?” Moses said,” Our Sustainer God is the one who give everything its property of being [creation] and then guides it.” Pharaoh then asked, “what is then the condition of the former generations?” Moses replied, “The knowledge of that is with our Sustainer God in a book—Our God neither errs or forgets; He makes the earth a cradle, creates pathways in it for people and sends down water from the clouds to bring forth various vegetations for people.”
Eat and pasture your cattle. This arrangement is for people to understand. From this earth We created you and into it We shall return you and from it raise you the second time. Truly We [God] showed him (Pharaoh) all signs of Our presence, but he denied, and he refused. He said, “O Moses, are you here to drive us out of our land by your magic? We too can produce magic like yours—let us make an appointment in a certain place, which neither you nor us will fail to gather.” Moses said, “Our appointment is the day of Festival when people gather at a time before the sun rise high.”
Pharaoh wen back, devised his scheme and came back. Moses said to them, “Woe to you! Do not forge a lie regarding God lest you face its consequences. Such forgers always fail.” But they disputed among themselves about their affairs and kept secret their discourse.
They said (to the magician gathered), “These two magicians wish to drive you out of your land by their magic and destroy your exemplary way of living. Therefore, do your plan, come in ranks, and you will indeed succeed if you come ahead (against them).” They said, “O Moses, will you cast first, or shall we be the first?” Moses said, “No, you go ahead.” And behold! Their cords and their sticks appeared to him as if alive and Moses conceived fear inside himself. We [God] said, “Fear not, you will have the upper hand. Cast down what is in your right hand—it will swallow whatever they have done. What they have done is nothing but trickery of a sorcerer—such sorcerers never succeed from wherever they come.” So the enchanters came down and prostrated saying, “We believe in the God of Aaron and Moses.”
(Pharaoh) said, “Do you believe in him before I give you permission? For sure, he is your chief and taught you sorcery. I will cut off your hands and feet from opposite sides and crucify you on the trunks of palm trees. Thus you will know which of us can inflict a more severe and lasting punishment.” They said, “We cannot give you preference over what just became manifest to us as sign and Him Who created us in the first place. Therefore, decide as you will decide—your decision is only about this life whereas we believe (and aspire) that our Sustainer God will forgive our faults and the magic that you had compelled us to perform. God is the Best and Ever Living!
Whoever comes as a guilty to his Sustainer God, he is surely bound for Hell where he will neither die nor live but those who come to him as believers and have done good (to others), for them is the higher rank—Paradise of perpetuity, river flowing and comforting living—such is the reward for those who keeps themselves pure!
There are numerous verses where the interaction of Moses and Pharaoh and the implications for the Children of Israel has been mentioned that corroborate the above accounts and add further nuances that can be found these verses–17:101–104, 29:39–41, 40:26–37, 51:38–39, 79:15–22, 28:76–82 (Korah, Haman, and Pharaoh), 43:46–56 (condition of Pharaoh—repeated violation of covenant with Moses), 28:2–6 (favoring Children of Israel against Pharaoh), and 28:36–42 (Pharaoh’s arrogance).
Exodus and rebellion against Moses
The Poets: 26:52–68 (Exodus)
And We [God] revealed to Moses: “Travel by night with My servants (Children of Israel)—you will indeed be pursued (by Pharaoh). Pharaoh sent deputies across the cities proclaiming, “These are a small band of people who had enraged us while we are a multitude and vigilant.” This is how We expelled them from their gardens and springs, their wealth and their grand dwellings and gave this (exodus) as a heritage to the Children of Israel.
They pursued them at sunrise. When the two groups came to each other’s view, the people around Moses cried out, “We are overtaken.” He (Moses) said, “No way! My Sustainer God is by me; He will guide me.” We [God] revealed to Moses, “March to the sea (and strike) with your staff. The sea parted and each side was like a mountain, towering over. We then brought them near but saved Moses and those with him while We drowned the others. This is a sign (from God) but most refused to accept. Your Sustainer God is Mighty, Merciful!
Ta Ha: 20:77–78 (repeated the above in a summary)
We certainly inspired (revealed to) Moses to travel by night with My servants and made for them a dry path across the sea, without fear of being overtaken or being afraid. Pharaoh pursued them with his armies but were overwhelmed as the sea covered over them. Pharaoh misled his people, and he had no guidance (to follow)!
Jonah: 10:88–92 (Preserved Pharaoh’s body for future generations)
Moses prayed: “O our Sustainer God, you have given Pharaoh and his Chiefs wealth and grandeur which they use to abuse and mislead people. Our Sustainer, may You destroy their possessions and insulate their hearts so that they do not accept faith until the consequence of their evils catches up with them.” He [God] said: “Your prayer has been accepted. So, continue to follow the right guidance and do not act like those who are ignorant.”
We [God] brought the Children of Israel across the sea (to safety) while Pharaoh and his army chased them to continue their oppression and evils till the moment when drowning overtook him, he said: “I now believe that there is no god but God in Whom the Children of Israel believe, and I am one who submits to God [muslim].” What Now! Whereas before this moment, you denied and made mischiefs and evils. But this day We [God] shall preserve your body and make it a reminder for those who comes after you, though most people are not mindful of such events and signs.
The Cow 2:46–71 (violation of Sabbath, refusing to kill the cow, et cetera) (2:62 refers to religious pluralism)
Children of Israel, remember God’s favors that He had blessed you with, including the favor where He had made you excel among the nations. (If you take that for granted, then) you should protect yourself against the day (Day of Judgment) when no soul can assist another soul in the least, when no intervention will be allowed, when no compensation will be accepted, and when no one will be helped (i.e., every person is on his or her own!).
Remember when God saved you from the Pharaoh who severely tormented you, killing your sons and sparing your women. This was a serious trial from God. Remember further when God parted the sea to save you while drowning the people of the Pharaoh as you looked on. And then God called to Moses (to instruct) for forty nights, and you took to a calf (as an object of worship) while he was away—you were unjust (and ungrateful)! Even after that God forgave so that you could be thankful. Then God gave Moses the Book (The Torah) along with criteria to be guided by. (On his return) Moses said to his people, “My people, you have made a serious error in judgment in making the calf an object of worship. Therefore, turn to your Sustainer in repentance and correct yourself. This is the best for you with your Creator.” God forgave them—He is ever Forgiving and Merciful.
When the people (Jewish tribes) said to Moses, “Moses, we will not believe you until we see God face-to-face,” this unreasonable stance brought distress (in the form of natural disasters, such as an earthquake, storm, etc., [see Exod. 19:16–17]) to overtake them while they looked on. Then God raised you from your unconsciousness so that you might be thankful. And God made the clouds to give you shade and sent manna (divinely provided food) and quail. Eat of the good things God has given you. (But those who continued to disobey), they did not harm God, but they did harm themselves.
And when God said, “Enter the city, then eat its abundant (food) as you wish, and enter the gate submissively (to God, without causing atrocities) and ask for forgiveness (for prior sins). God will forgive your wrongful acts and increase your rewards for doing good,” those who were unjust changed the word (of God), which was spoken to them and turned into another word (with a different and opposite meaning); so, God sent a plague (punishment) from Heaven because they caused mischief.
And when Moses prayed for water for his people, God said, “March forth and strike the rock with your stick,” and then 12 springs flowed from it. Each tribe knew their drinking place. (Therefore), eat and drink of the provisions of God, and do not act corruptly on Earth, making mischief. And when people said, “Moses, we cannot endure one type of food. Please pray to your God on our behalf to bring us earthy food—its herbs, cucumbers, garlic, lentils, and onions,” he (Moses) said, “Would you exchange what is good with what is worse? (If you so desire), enter a city (e.g., go back to Egypt) and you will find what you ask for.”
Abasement and humiliation descended on them, and they incurred displeasure from God. Why? Because they disbelieved in the message from God and would kill prophets without justification. This is how they rebelled (against God) and persisted in crossing the boundaries.
Surely, those who believe (meaning Muslims), and those who are Jews, Christians and Sabians, whoever believes in God and the Last Day (Day of Judgment) and does good work, they have their reward from their Lord; there is no fear for them, and they will have no regret.
And when God made a covenant with you (followers of Moses) with Mount Sinai rising high above you and said, “Hold firmly to what has been given to you and (try to) understand what is in it so that you may discharge your responsibilities,” even after that you had turned back. You would have become lost except for the Grace of God and His abundant Mercy.
And surely you know those who violated the Sabbath, so God said to them, “Be as apes, despised and hated.” We made them an example for those who witnessed it and for those who came after it in later generations and a reminder for those who aspire to be God-conscious and responsible.
And when Moses said to his people, “God commands you to sacrifice a cow,” they replied, “Are you making fun of us?” He (Moses) replied, “I seek God’s protection from acting like an ignorant person.” They said, “Ask your Lord for our sake to make it clear to us what she (the cow) is like.” He (Moses) said, “She is of middle age, neither old nor too young. Therefore, do what you are asked (without delay, since you know now).” Instead, they said, “Call on your Lord for our sake of what color she is.” He (Moses) answered, “Her color is intensely yellow, delightful to the eye.” They (persisted to) inquire further: “Ask your Lord on our behalf for her condition, since all cows look alike to us, and if God wants, we shall be rightly guided this time.” Moses replied, “She is a cow without blemish, of good health, and was never made to plough or carry water.” They said, “Now you have given us the truth.” Then they slaughtered the cow, though reluctantly.
The Cow: 2:78–93 (distortion of messages)
(The reality is that) some of them are illiterate and do not know the Book (of revelation) but from hearsay, which is nothing but speculation. Woe to those who write the book in their own hands and then say, “This is from God,” to earn a price from it. Cursed are what they write with their hands and what they earn (from it). They also say, “Fire will not touch us except for a few days.” Ask (them): “Have you received a promise from God that He will not fail to carry out? Or do you attribute to God a commitment that does not exist?” Those who do evil things and whose sins surround them from all sides, they will inhabit the Hellfire. (In contrast), those who believe and do good will be the residents of the Garden (Heaven), and there they will stay (in comfort with God’s grace).
When God accepted a solemn pledge from the children of Israel that you shall serve none but God, be good to your parents, to relatives, to orphans and the needy, (always) speak good words to people, maintain your prayers, and always give charity, you did not follow through, except for a few, and you were reluctant to keep (the commitment). Also (remember) when We took the pledge from you that you shall not shed blood nor turn your people out of your cities—you promised and witnessed this.
Yet, it is you who would kill your people and turn a party from among yourselves out of their homes, backing each other up against them unlawfully and going beyond limits. And if they were to come to you as captives, you would ransom them, whereas it was unlawful (in the first place) for you to push them out. (The question is), do you then believe in part of the Book and disregard the other? What could then be the reward for such among you who do these things except that you would be disgraced in this world and severely punished on the Day of Resurrection? God is not indifferent to what you do. Such people bargain this life for the Hereafter; consequently, their misfortunes will not be reduced, nor will they have any help.
God gave Moses the revelation, and God sent messengers after him, one after another. God also sent Jesus, son of Mary, with clear signs of truth and strengthened him with the divine inspiration. How is it that you (Jews and, by implication, Christians) became arrogant whenever God sent messengers whose messages did not agree with your desires? Some of them you denied, and others you would kill! They said, “Our hearts are full (not in need of further knowledge).” No, God curses them for their denial—there is very little that they believe.
They (Jews and Christians) used to pray for victory against the disbelievers, but when a Book was brought to them from God confirming that which they used to have and they recognized the Book, they disbelieved in it (knowingly); therefore, God’s curse is on the disbelievers (even if they have the Book). Evil is the way they direct their souls, and out of envy they deny what God has revealed, envious that God had sent (His message) to someone He had chosen out of His servants (other than one of them). Therefore, they incurred affliction after affliction, and there waits humiliating punishment for those who persist in their disbelief. When they are told, “Believe in what God has revealed,” they say, “We only believe in what was revealed to us.” They deny anything other than their own, even though it is the Truth that verifies what they have. Ask them then, “Why did you kill God’s prophets before this if you claim to be believers?”
Moses came to you (followers of Moses, People of Israel) with all the evidence of truth, but in his absence, you took the calf (as an object of worship), and you acted wickedly. (Remember) when God obtained a solemn pledge from you with Mount Sinai rising above you: “Take hold of what We (God and His Prophet) gave you with all your strength and be committed.” Instead, you (followers of Moses) said, “We listen, but we will not follow.” In their (followers of Moses) hearts there still was (the love of) the calf because of their disbelief. Say, “If you were believers, how can your faith command you to do (such) evil?”
The Repast: 5:20–26 (Israelites’ defiance of Moses)
(Remember when) Moses said to His people: “O my people, remind yourself of the favors of God Who raised prophets from among you and who gave you control over yourselves and (blessings) that were not given to any other nation. O my people, enter this Holy Land which God has promised you, and do not turn your backs—if you do, then you will be lost.”
The people replied: “O Moses, there are powerful people in this Land, and we shall not go in until they depart, and if they do, we will surely enter in it.” Two people (Joshua and Caleb, according to the Old Testament) who were God-conscious and who were blessed by God said: “We should enter through the front gate, and if we (have the courage to) do that, we will surely be victorious. As people of faith, we should put our trust in God (Almighty).” But the people refused: “O Moses, we will not make such an attempt as long as these powerful people are there. (Perhaps) you and your God should go and fight while we sit (and wait).”
He (Moses) prayed (to God): “My Sustainer, I have no control over these people except me and my brother (Aaron). Separate us from these people who transgress (often).” He (God) replied: “This Land is forbidden for them for forty years (a lifetime); they will wander about on this earth without aim. Do not grieve for people who transgress as such.”
The Elevation: 7:158–165 (twelve tribes, sabbath trials and other transgressions)
Say (Prophet Mohammad): “O Mankind! I am a Messenger to all of you from God Who has the dominion over the Universe and the Earth; there is no god but He, giving life and dispensing death (to all).” Therefore, have faith in God and in His unlettered Messenger-Prophet who believes in God and in God’s words—follow him so that you can be guided.
From the followers of Moses, there is a community who guide themselves to truth and establish justice with such guidance. We [God] grouped them into twelve tribes, as communities. When his people asked Moses for water, We revealed to him: “Strike the rock with your stick”; so out came twelve springs, and each community knew its source of water. We made the cloud to comfort them with shade, sent for them manna and quails, and said: “Eat of the good provisions We have provided for you.” Yet, when they did make wrong choices, they did Us no harm. (Recollect) what was said to them: “Live in this town and benefit from its resources as you wish; but seek forgiveness and show humility as you enter it. We (God) will forgive your wrongs and give plenty to those who do good.” But those who were prone to do evil changed the instructions for a word different from what they were told. So We sent a calamity from above on account of their evilness (see also in the Bible, Numbers 25:1–3, 8–9).
Inquire of them about the town by the sea. There they violated the spirit of the Sabbath—on the Sabbath day, fish will come to the surface, but on other days, they will not surface. This is how We (God) tried them for their repeated failures (to follow the guidance of Moses). A group among them said: “Why should we attempt to guide a people whom God will destroy or bring severe punishment?” The group (inclining to be responsible) replied: “To avoid the blame of not doing so in the presence of our Sustainer God and in the hope that they might become aware and responsible.” So We protected those who reminded others to avoid evil and took to account those who failed to pay attention to such reminders and who were steeped in evil—an evil punishment befitting their transgression.
The Women: 4:153–162 (demands placed on Moses by Israelites)
The followers of previous revelations [followers of Moses in this instance] demanded of you [Prophet Mohammad] that a book from Heaven be brought to them. As a matter of fact, they placed an even more grave demand on Moses earlier: “Show us God in person.” Punishment from Heaven descended on them because of their own evils [and unreasonable demands]. They then took the calf as an object of worship after all the evidence of truth came to them. God, nonetheless, forgave them and provided Moses with clear authority [and evident truth]. We [God and His prophet] took a covenant from them by the side of rising Mt. Sinai and asked them to enter the gate humbly with due submission to God. We also told them, “Do not violate the Sabbath laws.” This was a solemn pledge taken from them. [After all of these] they broke the covenant, disbelieved in God’s messages, killed prophets wrongfully, and claimed, “Our hearts are filled with belief.” No, their hearts have been sealed by God due to their disbelief—they believe but very little.
They disbelieved when they lodged against Mary [mother of Jesus] the serious allegation [of being unchaste] and said, “We have killed the Christ Jesus, the son of Mary, Messenger of God.” But they killed him not, and he did not die on the cross, though they conceived as such. Those of them who held differing opinions on this were in doubt [about the truth]—they had no real knowledge, and they made only conjectures. They did not kill him for certain, and God exalted him in His presence—God is infinitely Mighty and Wise!
And there are none among the People of the Book [Jews and Christians] who will but come to realize this [the true nature of Jesus Christ] before his death and on the Day of Resurrection [the Day of Judgment], and he [Jesus] will be a witness against them [who failed to accept his true nature and teachings].
As for the injustice committed by those from among the Jews and their turning away repeatedly from God’s guidance, We [God] deprived them of the good things that were available to them. [This was also due to] their persistent usurious practices, though forbidden, and their wrongful displacement of rightful owners from their properties under false pretext. For the repeated deniers of truth from among them, We [God] prepared a seriously adverse consequence [punishment]. But those who are deeply rooted in knowledge from among them and are truly faithful, they—(1) firmly believe in what has been revealed to you [the Qur’an] and what was revealed before you [the Bible and the Torah], (2) are devoted to consistent worship of God, (3) take care of the vulnerable and deprived [e.g., through Zakat], and (4) firmly believe in God and The Last Day [final judgment]—these that We [God] shall grant a grand reward.
After Moses: Story of David and Goliath
The Cow: 2:246–252
Have you not reflected on the (quality) of the leaders of the children of Israel after Moses? When they said to one of their prophets, “Bring us a king so that we may fight in the cause of God,” he (Samuel) said, “Perhaps you will not fight when fighting will be required of you.” They said, “What reason is there for us not to fight when we have been deprived of our homes and our children?” (1 Sam. 8:19–20). But when the order to fight (finally) came, they did not participate, except a few of them. And God knows (well) the evildoers.
Their prophet said to them, “God has raised Talut (Saul) to be your king.” They protested, “How can he have a kingdom when we feel we have a better right to a kingdom than he because he does not have an abundance of wealth?” He (prophet) said, “God has exalted him above you by giving him abundance in knowledge and physical strength.” God grants His kingdom to whom He pleases. He is all Embracing, All-Knowing.
Their prophet said, “The sign of his (Saul’s) kingdom is that there will come to you the heart (Tabut) that will have tranquility (Sakinah) from your Lord and the enduring (Baquiah) heritage of Moses and Aaron, being borne by angels. In these there are signs should you intend to believe.”
When Saul set with his forces, he said, “God will try you with a river. Whoever drinks from it, he is not of my party, but whoever does not taste it or only scoops up a single handful belongs to me.” However, most drank from the river, except a few. So when he crossed it along with those who believed, the others said, “Today we have no power against Jalut (Goliath) and his forces.” But those who were sure of their eventual meeting with God said, “How often a small party defeated a larger force by God’s will.” God is (always) with those who are patient (in adversity).
When they went out against Goliath and his forces, they prayed, “O Our Sustainer, pour upon us patience and make our feet (stance against the enemy) firm and help us against the denier of truth.”
So they fought (bravely) and put the enemy to flight by God’s permission. David killed Goliath. God granted David kingdom and wisdom and knowledge of things as He pleased. Were it not for God’s enabling people to defend themselves against others, the Earth would have been full of corruption and chaos; thus, God shows His limitless grace to the world. These are the messages from God. We convey these to you in truth, and truly you (Mohammad) are one of the Messengers.
The Allies: 33:69–73 (God’s trust in believing people of any religion)
O you who believe, don’t behave like those who maligned Moses but with God he was honorable, and God cleared him of all allegations. (see Numbers 12 in Old Testament, for example)
O you who believe, be mindful of God and speak the truth and what is just [straight words] so that He [God] may make your achievements worthwhile and forgive your sins and shortcomings. Whoever follows God and His messenger achieves great success. (See 4:9, 6:152, 2:83, 235, 4:8.)
Indeed We [God] offered this Trust (of faith and goodness) to the heavens, the earth and the mountain but they declined to bear it as they were wary of the responsibility, but mankind took it on and is prone to be unjust and ignorant. Thus God wishes to take into account men and women who are hypocritical (of such trust) and who accept polytheistic beliefs and values and that God may show mercy and forgiveness to believing and good men and women. God is Ever Forgiving, Merciful!
There are additional verses narrating cow worship when Prophet Moses went up the mountain to receive the tablets and continued indulgence of his followers in worshiping of gods other than God Almighty—7:137–141 (worshipping other gods), 20:83–89 (worshipping the cow), 20:90–92 (Aaron’s effort to desist), 20:95–97 (explanation behind cow worship), 2:51–52, 2:92, 7:148–149.
The Tablets (The Ten Commandments)
The Ten Commandments, also known as the Golden Rules, are the foundation of civil society and were laid out in the most succinct way in the Tablets to help discipline the followers of Moses and have been retold in so many ways by Prophet Jesus and Prophet Mohammad and by civic and religious leaders across so many generations. It is not clear if the Tablets were given to Moses by God already written, or if Moses himself inscribed them based on the guidance from God during his forty nights of devotion and communion with God on Mount Sinai. In Volume 2 of this series, I have recaptured the continuity of the essence of these teachings by quoting the Sermon on the Mount by Jesus and the last public address of Prophet Mohammad during Pilgrimage in Makkah in 632.
The Elevation: 7:142–147 (Tablets for guidance)
We (God) appointed for Moses thirty nights (and days) and added ten more so that his engagement with his Sustainer was for forty nights (and days). Moses instructed his brother Aaron (prior to going up for his engagement): “Be my representative (during my absence) among the people, behave with righteousness, and do not follow the ways of corruption and mischief.”
Moses came up for Our appointment (with God), and his Cherisher God spoke to him. He said: “My Sustainer, show me Yourself so that I might behold You.” He [God] said: “You cannot see Me, but pay attention to this mountain; if it remains firm in its place, only then you can see Me.” Then his Sustainer God shone His glory on the mountain and made it crumble to pieces; Moses fell down, losing his senses. When he recovered, he declared: “You are the most glorious; I turn to You, and I am the first to accept of the believers!” God said: “Moses, I have elevated you among mankind by My messages and by My words. Implement what I convey to you and remain ever thankful. We articulated for you in the Tablets guidance and exposition for all matters (of importance). So commit to these with firmness, and advise your people to follow the goodness therein. I (God) will show you the results of corruption and mischief. I will deprive of My guidance those who act with pride on this earth without justification; they will see every sign but will not accept it; they will see the means to correct themselves but will ignore them, and they will see the means to corrupt themselves and will latch onto them. Such conditions exist because they actively deny Our guidance and remain ignorant of it (see also 96:6–7). Those who reject Our guidance and Our meeting in the Afterlife, theirs is a pursuit not worth anything. How can they be rewarded except based on what they do?”
The Elevation: 7:154
As Moses calmed down, he took up the tablets (to share with his people) in which the writings provided guidance and brought mercy for those who truly revered their Sustainer God.
The Narrative: 28:43–44
Indeed We [God] gave Moses the Book (Torah), after We replaced the former generations, a source of insights for mankind, a guidance and mercy so that they can take lessons. And you were not on the western side (of the mountain) when We revealed the Commandments, nor were you among those who were present (at the time).
The Torah
The Torah has been mentioned numerous times in the Qur’an. and each time with similar but very nuanced undertones to suit relevant contexts and circumstances that Prophet Mohammad and his followers were facing at the times of such revelations.
40:53: We [God] gave Moses guidance and enabled the Children of Israel to inherit the book (The Torah).
21:48–49: Indeed We [God] gave Moses and Aaron the Criterion (The Torah to judge with), a light and a reminder for those who act responsibly, who is mindful of God in their private moments and is wary of the Hour (of Resurrection and Judgement).
17:2–3: We [God] gave Moses the Book (the Torah) and made it a source of guidance for the Children of Israel and (a covenant)—Do not take any guardian besides Me [God].
2:53: We [God] gave Moses the Book (the Torah), as a source of discernment so that you may be guided.
6:154: Again, We [God] gave Moses the Book (the Torah), all-encompassing for those who are virtuous, making clear all things (of importance), providing guidance and a source of mercy so that they may be convinced of the eventual meeting with their Cherisher God.
11:110, 41:45—We indeed gave the Book (The Torah) to Moses, but differences arose (immediately to its commands and guidance). Had not a commitment [word] from God already been made, the matters (of such differences) would have been dealt with already. They certainly harbored confounding doubts about it (the book and its guidance)
46:12–13—Before it (The Qur’an) was the Book of Moses (The Torah), a guide and a mercy. This book verifies (the one before it) in plain Arabic language that those who do evil may be warned and those who do good may be encouraged.
The Star: 53:35–55 (doubt in the Torah and its consequence)
Has he (any human being who denies God) accessed the knowledge of the unseen so that he can see? Or has he been informed of what is in the scripture of Moses (The Torah) or that of Abraham who always followed through (his commitments)? No bearer will bear the burden of another and no human being can have except what one strives for. And one’s striving will soon be accounted for and one’s reward will be duly fulfilled.
To your Cherisher God is the final destiny. It is God Who makes you laugh or weep. God is the One Who causes death and gives life. God creates pairs—male and female. It is a small fetus from whence it is adapted, and God has commanded a second coming. God gives wealth and contentment. God is the Cherisher of Sirius. God took account of the first generation of ‘Ad and the generation of Thamud was not spared and the people of Noah before. These were corrupt and vain.
The overthrown cities that God enabled and covered them with coverings. Which of God’s blessings do you then dispute?
The Most High: 87:16–19 (scripture of Moses and Abraham)
But you prefer the life of this world, whereas the Hereafter is better and more enduring. Such knowledge is in earlier scriptures—scriptures of Abraham and Moses.
There are additional verses that mention the Torah and with added context and nuances, such as 23:49, 32:23, 2:87, 6:91, 11:17.
Test of knowledge and wisdom of Moses against another servant of God
This is a story that is not found in the Torah or the Bible, but according to a Hadith of Prophet Mohammad, Moses was having a conversation with his people and, in response to a question, asserted that he was the wisest man at the time. God was not pleased with his self-assessment and wished him to meet another servant of God (Prophet Khidir by Muslim tradition) who had been endowed with special knowledge and wisdom directly from God. What follows below is the narrative in the Qur’an for that encounter of Moses with another one of God’s servants.
The Cave: 18:60–82
(Remember) When Moses said to his companion (Joshua by biblical tradition): “I will not stop travelling until I reach the junction of two seas (or rivers), even if I have to go on for years.” When they reached the junction of the two, they forgot about their fish which took to the waters, being free. When they moved further on, he said to his companion, “Prepare for us our morning meal; this journey of ours has certainly brought fatigue in us.” He (his companion) said, “Did you not notice that when we rested on the rock (at the junction), I forgot about the fish (slept) and none, but the devil made me forget to mention it; the fish took its way to the water; what a wonder!” He (Moses) said, “This is the place we are seeking” and retraced their footsteps.
There they found one of Our [God’s] servants whom We had blessed with mercy from Us and whom We taught knowledge from Ourselves.
Moses said to him, “Will you allow me to follow you that you may teach me of the good judgements that you have been taught?” He replied, “You will not be able to maintain patience with me. How can you have patience in matters where you do not have comprehensive knowledge and awareness?” Moses replied, “If God pleases, you will find me with patience, and I will not disobey you in any way.” He replied, “Ok, if you would follow me, then do not question me about anything, until I mention it to you myself.”
So, they set out until they embarked on a boat and he made a hole in it. (Moses) said, “Did you make a hole to drown its occupants? What you done is really egregious!” He replied, “Did I not say that you could not bear in patience with me?” (Moses) said, “Don’t blame me since I forgot (my promise) and don’t be too harsh on me for what I did.”
So they went on, until they met a boy whom he slew. (Moses) said, “Did you just kill an innocent person, who has not killed another person? You really have done a terrible thing!” He again replied, “Did I not say to you that you could not maintain patience in my presence?” (Moses) replied, “If I ask you anything after this, you need not keep me in your company. By then you will have an adequate excuse regarding me.”
They moved on, until they came to a town and asked food from its people, but they refused to be hospitable to them. Then they found a wall that was about to topple over, and he put it back straight up. (Moses) said, “If you will, you could ask for a wager for what you did.”
He finally said, “This is the time for our parting, but I will tell you the significance of the things that you could not but remain patient. With regards to the boat, it belongs to indigent people who worked the sea and across the shore there was a king who was forcibly seizing boats (that are in good condition), so I intended to damage it (a little). Regarding the boy, his parents were faithful and good, and we were concerned that he might lead them to evil and disbelief. So we wished that their Sustainer God may grant them in his place a child better in purity and nearer to mercy. As for the wall, two orphan boys in the city owned it and their father, who was a righteous man, had saved treasures for them beneath the wall. So your Sustainer God had intended that these boys attain maturity and get to use these treasurers as a mercy from God. I did not do this on my own accord (but as God’s agent). These are the significances that you could not maintain patience with.
Judaism in the Qur’an
Mary: 19:58–60 (Legacy among prophets)
These are the people that God had blessed—from among the prophets, of the children of Adam, those We [God] carried with Noah, the children of Abraham and Israel, and those whom We guide and choose. When the revelations of Beneficent God are recited to them, they bow down in submission, weeping (with a sense of awe)! But there came a generation in their heels, who wasted their worship and followed their vain desires; so they will face its consequences, except those who amend, develop genuine faith in God and do good. These will enter the Paradise and no wrong will be done to them.
All prophets including Moses are to be believed in and listened to
The Cow: 2:87–88
God gave Moses the revelation, and God sent messengers after him, one after another. God also sent Jesus, son of Mary, with clear signs of truth and strengthened him with the divine inspiration. How is it that you became arrogant whenever God sent messengers whose messages did not agree with your desires? Some of them you denied, and others you would kill! They said, “Our hearts are full (not in need of further knowledge).” No, God curses them for their denial—there is very little that they believe.
The Cow: 2:136
Say, “We believe in (1) God, (2) what has been revealed to us, (3) what has been revealed to Abraham, Ishmael, Isaac, Jacob, and the tribes (their descendants), (4) what was given to Moses and Jesus, (5) and what was given to (all) prophets by their Sustainer God, (6) we make no comparison among the prophets, and (7) we surrender to Him (God) with a sincere submission.”
There are other similar verses in the Qur’an—for example, 3:84 6:84-87, 33:7, 42:13.
A prayer of Moses is a daily prayer for Muslims: see 20:25 in section above and repeated here: “O my Sustainer God, expand my capabilities, make my affairs manageable for me, loosen up my tongue so that they may understand my speech.”
Call to Children of Israel as well to people who may claim faith or disbelieve
The Cow: 2:40–46
Children of Israel, remember My (God’s) favors to you and be faithful to your promises to Me so that I can fulfill My promise to you. You should stand in awe of Me alone! Also, believe in what I have revealed (to Mohammad), which confirms what is already with you. Do not be the first one to deny this (new revelation), and do not barter away My message for a small gain. Also, mind your responsibility to Me. Do not mix up truth with falsehood, and do not hide the truth since you have the knowledge. Maintain your prayers, support the needy, and submit (join) with those who submit (to God).
How is it that you lecture people to be good while you neglect your own soul and you read the Book (your Torah and this Qur’an)? Have you then lost your senses?
Seek help with patience and prayer, and this is difficult to do except for those who are humble and know with certainty that they will meet their Sustainer God and return to Him eventually.
The Elevation: 7:159 (Doing good)
Among the people of Moses is a group who guides with the truth and with such truth pursues justice.
The Repast: 5:20 (Blessings of God)
When Moses said to his people, “O my people, remember God’s blessings to you—He raised prophets among you, appointed kings among you and gifted you that which He did not give to any other nations.
The Ranks: 61:5–9 (Moses, Jesus, and Mohammad)
And (recall) when Moses said to his people, “Why do you malign me when you know that I am God’s messenger to you (for example, see 4:53, 20:88, 2:61, 5:24, Num 12 in Old Testament)? But they deviated (from guidance given to Moses) and so God made their hearts deviate (as a result). God does not guide those who transgress and are iniquitous.
And when Jesus, son of Mary said, “O Children of Israel, surely I am a messenger of God; I confirm what came before me of the Torah and I give the good news of a Messenger, by the name of Ahmed, who will come after me.” And he came with clear evidence, but they said, “This is evident sorcery.”
Who is more unjust than he who fabricates lies against God (and His creations and His guidance) while he is being invited to submit and align with God [Islam]? God does not guide those who are unjust. They desire to blow out the light of God with their mouths, but God will fully expose His lights, though the disbelievers may dislike. It is He [God] who has sent his Messenger with guidance and the Way of Truth to prevail over all other ways, even if the polytheists dislike.